Golden rice—with its yellow grains rich in beta carotene, which the human body turns into vitamin A—could virtually eliminate this problem in countries where rice is the staple food. With the discovery that the lycopene β-cyclase is not necessary to achieve provitamin A synthesis, it may even be possible to remove the selectable marker from cotransformants by breeding techniques (Fig. To complete the biosafety review process, the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) lodged an application to the National Technical Committee on Crop Biotechnology (NTCCB) at the Ministry of Agriculture on November 26, 2017, who forwarded the application to the National Committee on Biosafety (NCB) at the Ministry of Environment on December 4, 2017. The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and its national research partners have developed Golden Rice to complement existing interventions to address vitamin A deficiency (VAD). On 18 December 2019, official notice of the FFP permit, issued by the Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Plant Industry (DA-BPI), approving GR2E Golden Rice for direct use as food and feed, or for processing in the Philippines was published in Manila Bulletin. The carotenoid pattern observed with the pB19hpc single transformants explained the phenotype that we noted visually. Rice is the major staple food for hundreds of millions of people. Arrows indicate the prenyllipid biosynthetic capacity of wild-type rice endosperm and the necessary reaction sequence to be completed to yield provitamin A. DA-BPI sent a list of questions raised during the public comment period and these were addressed by DA-PhilRice in a letter of response dated 29 January 2021. From field trial to plate 15 A web of patents 16 Golden Rice Humanitarian Board 18 Not yet on the market 18 4. Evidence of Efficacy, Effectiveness, and Safety, The Potential of Iodine and Iron Double-Fortified Salt Compared with Iron-Fortified Staple Foods to Increase Population Iron Status, Evaluation of Global Experiences in Large-Scale Double-Fortified Salt Programs, Review of Experience of the Production of Salt Fortified with Iron and Iodine, Food Environment and Supply on Dietary and Lifestyle Choices, Symposium: Plant Breeding: A New Tool for Fighting Micronutrient Malnutrition, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in β-Carotene Oxygenase 1 are Associated with Plasma Lycopene Responses to a Tomato-Soy Juice Intervention in Men with Prostate Cancer, A Novel Tomato-Soy Juice Induces a Dose-Response Increase in Urinary and Plasma Phytochemical Biomarkers in Men with Prostate Cancer, Lycopene and Apo-10′-lycopenoic Acid Have Differential Mechanisms of Protection against Hepatic Steatosis in β-Carotene-9′,10′-oxygenase Knockout Male Mice, Genetic Variation Predicts Serum Lycopene Concentrations in a Multiethnic Population of Postmenopausal Women. DNA sequence coding for carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes are given in black. These are the same principles that inform the safety assessments of national regulatory agencies, such as FSANZ, Health Canada, and the US FDA, which have already assessed Golden Rice as safe to plant and safe to eat. Evaluate whether consumption of Golden Rice improves vitamin A status. It is generally consumed in its milled form with outer layers (pericarp, tegmen and aleurone layers) removed. The legal situation of the Golden Rice project (see text for explanations). This is discussed further below. Development of Golden Rice required the use of various technologies that are properties of several industrial companies and some universities. Anjana Munshi, Vandana Sharma, in Omics Technologies and Bio-Engineering, 2018. It is at these institutes that further development, such as the transfer of the β-carotene trait into local varieties by classical breeding or by transformation or the breeding of provitamin A varieties with stable and high yields, will be carried out. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. She will take these seeds back to Vietnam to conduct further research there, in accordance with a sublicense agreement with the Qcuu Long Delta Rice Research Institute. As a result, the edible part of rice grains consists of the endosperm, filled with starch granules and protein bodies, but it lacks several essential nutrients for the maintenance of health, such as carotenoid… It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Metro Manila 1301, Philippines, 10th Floor Suite 1009, & Beyer, P. (, Beyer, P., Kröncke, U. Northern blots conducted with probes directed against four carotenogenic mRNA as well as Western blots conducted with the corresponding specific antibodies showed that both the levels of specific mRNA examined as well as the amounts of the specific proteins were markedly increased over the untreated controls (11) (Fig. To obtain a functioning provitamin A (β-carotene) biosynthetic pathway in rice endosperm, we introduced in a single, combined transformation effort the cDNA coding for phytoene synthase (psy) and lycopene β-cyclase (β-lcy) both from Narcissus pseudonarcissus and both under the control of the endosperm-specific glutelin promoter together with a bacterial phytoene desaturase (crtI, from Erwinia uredovora under constitutive 35S promoter control). As stated above, the current lines are only prototypes and efforts are underway to triple the amount of the provitamin in the endosperm at minimum. For example, all knowledge derived from research on the industrial marketing track will be made available free of charge to the humanitarian track of the project. Through the humanitarian board, a noncommercial license can be obtained by national and international research institutes. Blood samples were conducted over 36 days. Golden Rice seeds are expected to cost farmers the same as other rice varieties. Since these people often do not have access to a variety of food sources, they suffer from many nutritional deficiencies. Like phytoene synthase, lycopene β-cyclase carried a functional transit peptide, allowing plastid-import (5). Northern and Western blot analysis of wild-type (−) and of trans-lycopene-accumulating, CPTA-treated petals (+). Golden rice is a variety of rice (Oryza sativa) produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of rice. Golden Rice is not expected to provide 100% of vitamin A in the diet but to add to present intakes to reach vitamin A sufficiency. The necessary multi-lateral negotiations required—as it turned out—interindustrial interaction involving the respective expertise of various parties involved. Agreement has been reached between the two tracks that we believe serves our mutual interests. Golden Rice Chinese Restaurant. To our surprise, the pB19hpc single transformants, although equipped for lycopene (red) synthesis, were not distinguished in color compared with the pZPsC/pZCycH double transformants equipped for β-carotene (yellow) synthesis. A complementary intervention to existing strategies for reducing vitamin A deficiencies in the highest-risk countries is to fortify the major staple food, rice, with provitamin A through plant breeding. Golden Rice and other biofortified food crops for developing countries – challenges and potential 9 Progressing with Golden Rice Golden Rice—from ideas to reality, p 11 Golden Rice as new varieties, p 17 Marketing research for optimizing Golden Rice cultivation and consumption, p 23 They consist of elements of two different species. 2), was removed. Tocopherols (vitamin E), chlorophylls … Security Bank Center 6776 D90087), the two being placed under the control of the endosperm-specific glutelin (Gt1) and the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter, respectively. This can only be achieved by recombinant technologies rather than by conventional breeding, due to the lack of any rice cultivars producing this provitamin in the endosperm. Golden Rice is intended to be used in combination with existing approaches to overcome VAD, including eating foods that are naturally high in vitamin A or beta-carotene, eating foods fortified with vitamin A, taking vitamin A supplements, and optimal breastfeeding practices. X98796) (7). In fact, RNA subtraction between CPTA-treated and untreated tissue revealed the induction of mRNA accumulation for at least two carotenoid biosynthetic genes, coding for deoxyxylulose phosphate synthase and β-carotene hydroxylase (unpublished data). Alternatively, the transformation effort can be simplified by reducing the number of enzymes required and using a bacterial carotene desaturases capable of introducing all four double bonds required (Fig. This suggests that the lycopene α(ε)- and β-cyclases as well as the hydroxylase are either constitutively expressed in rice endosperm or that the expression of these downstream enzymes is induced by lycopene formation or by products derived there from (see below). << Home << Golden Rice is rice enriched with beta-carotene, a provitamin. This project Golden Rice is back in the news as the Philippines and Bangladesh move closer towards approval of the GMO food crop to combat vitamin A deficiency, a … 25.1.3.2 Transgenic Plants. To complete the β-carotene biosynthetic pathway, cotransformations were carried out employing two vectors, one (pZPsC) carrying psy and crtI, like in pB19hpc but lacking the expression cassette for the selectable marker aphIV, and the other (pZCycH) providing, under glutelin promoter control, the sequence coding for the enzyme lycopene β-cyclase, originating from N. pseudonarcissus (accession no. The development of Golden Rice has been made possible by sequential funding (3 y each) by two agencies: first the Rockefeller Foundation and then a research program of the European Community. The Philippine biotechnology regulatory system, governed by the revised Joint Department Circular (JDC) No. Various institutional arrangements for disseminating Golden Rice to research institutes in developing countries also are discussed. When CPTA was administered to daffodil flowers, they then turned reddish within 8 h due to lycopene accumulation. This symposium was sponsored by the American Society for Nutritional Sciences. It is generally consumed in its milled form with outer layers (pericarp, tegmen and aleurone layers) removed. from a bacterium – into japonica rice, a variet y adapted for temperate climates. Golden Rice is an enhanced version of ordinary rice designed to handle a specific nutrition issue, without any additional cost or difference in taste. Golden Rice is rice that’s been genetically engineered to deliver enough beta carotene to improve the health of the malnourished poor who might eat it. In January 2001, the first transfer of the technology took place to the International Rice Research Institute based in the Philippines, a member institute of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research with a long-standing and proven expertise in breeding improved rice varieties for dissemination to developing countries, primarily in but not restricted to Asia. The Golden Rice Humanitarian Board, chaired by Dr. Ingo Potrykus, is a public-private partnership responsible for the global development, introduction and promotion of Golden Rice to target countries. If approved by national regulators and found to be safe and efficacious, IRRI and its partners will work together to introduce Golden Rice as a complementary, food-based approach to improve vitamin A status in most-at-risk populations. This combination covers the requirements for β-carotene synthesis and, as hoped, yellow β-carotene-bearing rice endosperm was obtained in the T0-generation. Therefore, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of precultured rice immature embryos was used, designed so as to install the entire β-carotene biosynthetic pathway into rice endosperm in a single transformation effort. Many variations of this applied technology appear feasible and work is in progress to optimize the yellow rice lines now in our hands. To test this, we took advantage of the chemical compound CPTA [2-(chlorophenylthio)triethylamine hydrochloride] that acts as a lycopene cyclase inhibitor and leads to the accumulation of trans-lycopene (10). Your Address. To help assess the safety of Golden Rice in the environment, field tests and other evaluations will be done in each partner country. The field trial--conducted in DA-PhilRice stations in Munoz, Nueva Ecija, and San Mateo,Isabela--was completed in October 2019. In particular, vitamin A deficiency is a major problem in many parts of South Asia and Africa. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) – like other problems on malnutrition and hunger – is not caused by the lack of Vitamin A in food, but by people’s inability to achieve a balanced diet. Pili Drive, Los Baños, 3). Thus, reliance on rice as a primary food staple contributes to vitamin A deficiency, a serious public health problem in at least 26 countries including highly populated areas of Asia, Africa and Latin America (2). Dr. Hoa, a Vietnamese visiting scientist, has transformed several local varieties. Golden Rice has an engineered multi-gene biochemical pathway in its genome.This pathway produces beta-carotene, a molecule that becomes vitamin A when metabolized by humans.Ingo Potrykus worked at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland, and … First, the hygromycin-selectable marker gene was exchanged against the PMI gene; concomitantly, the selection procedure for PMI was established for rice (12). One implication of the transformations described above is that the cotransformation is not necessary in rice endosperm, but that a construct containing psy and crtI might be sufficient to install the entire pathway. Golden Rice is a covert attempt to win wider approval for genetically modified food and will not solve problems of malnutrition. Currently, it cannot be ruled out that the transformation using the bacterial crtI-gene promotes a hitherto unknown feedback mechanism enabling the transcriptional activation of carotenogenic genes. Breeders at the Philippine Department of Agriculture - Philippine Rice Research Institute (DA-PhilRice), the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), and the Indonesian Center for Rice Research (ICRR) are developing Golden Rice versions of existing rice varieties that are popular with their local farmers, retaining the same yield, pest resistance, and grain qualities. ADHD severity as a predictor of cognitive task performance in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Explore how Golden Rice could reach those most in need. Analysis of codon usage patterns and influencing factors in rice tungro bacilliform virus. Golden rice is a type of rice that has been genetically modified by the addition of two genes so that it will produce beta carotene, a precursor t… Presented as part of the symposium “Plant Breeding: A New Tool for Fighting Micronutrient Malnutrition” given at the Experimental Biology 2001 meeting, Orlando, Florida, on April 1, 2001. The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and its national research partners have developed Golden Rice to complement existing interventions to address vitamin A deficiency (VAD). The combination of both plasmids, thus, should be able to direct β-carotene formation in rice endosperm. In most cases the transformed endosperms exhibited a clearly notable yellow color, indicating carotenoid formation. DA-PhilRice lodged an application for the commercial propagation of GR2E Golden Rice in October 2020. Studies on the bioavailability of the provitamin A, transfer of the trait into agronomically important varieties, and risk assessments will be carried out in collaboration with other research institutes. For my articles on Golden Rice, please scroll down to a list of related publications! A reference dose of retinyl acetate(0.4-1.0mg) in oil was given to each volunteer 1 week before ingestion of golden rice dose. Join Facebook to connect with Craig Jones and others you may know. Copyright © 2021 American Society for Nutrition. That wasn’t the case, but it certainly was the impression one got from reading the article. Additional experiments revealed that the presence of β-lcy was not necessary, because psy and crtI alone were able to drive β-carotene synthesis as well as the formation of further downstream xanthophylls. and by the European Community Biotech Program (P.B., FAIR CT96, 1996–1999), the Swiss Federal Office for Education and Science (I.P.) Golden Rice is at different stages of regulatory review in the Philippines and Bangladesh, and Golden Rice will only be made available to the public once all necessary permits have been received. In many areas of the world, rice is a staple food, especially for the poorest people. One further approach aims to unify high-iron rice lines with provitamin A lines because it is known that provitamin A is capable of increasing the bioavailability of iron. A 60 day public comment period commenced from 20 November 2020 to 19 January 2021. This European Community funding obligation has affected the current legal status of the Golden Rice project, which continues on two tracks, one being noncommercial (or humanitarian) and the other commercial (Fig. Its proponents have hyped GE ‘Golden’ rice as a high-tech, quick-fix solution to vitamin A deficiency (VAD), which is prevalent in developing countries and can lead to blindness. Rice in the eye of the storm 19 The GM debate 20 Opposition to Golden Rice 22 5. Golden rice servings of 65-98g(130-200 cooked rice) containing 0.99-1.53 mg b-carotene were feed to 5 healthy volunteers (3 women and 2 men) with 10g butter. The complementary expertise of the individuals involved ensures the flow of information between the two tracks and ensures that all steps taken are in accordance with the intraproject legal requirements and with respect to the laws of various countries interested in receiving the technology. Search for other works by this author on: Engineering the provitamin A (β-carotene) biosynthetic pathway into (carotenoid-free) rice endosperm, Chloroplast import of four carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes in vitro reveals differential fates prior to membrane binding and oligomeric assembly, A cDNA encoding lycopene cyclase (accession no. Research and development of Golden Rice adhere to scientific principles developed over the last 20 years by international organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Codex Alimentarius Commission. Results using N. pseudonarcissus as a model system led to the development of a hypothesis, our present working model, that trans-lycopene or a trans-lycopene derivative acts as an inductor in a kind of feedback mechanism stimulating endogenous carotenogenic genes. (, Schledz, M., Al-Babili, S., Von Lintig, J., Rabbani, S., Kleinig, H. & Beyer, P. (, Bonk, M., Hoffmann, B., Von Lintig, J., Schledz, M., Al-Babili, S., Hobeika, E., Kleinig, H. & Beyer, P. (, Misawa, N., Yamano, S., Linden, H., de Felipe, M. R., Lucas, M., Ikenaga, H. & Sandmann, G. (, Al-Babili, S., Hobeika, E. & Beyer, P. (, Landrum, J. T., Bone, R. A., Joa, H., Kilburn, M. D., Moore, L. L. & Sprague, K. E. (, Bartley, G. E., Scolnik, P. A.